基于光谱尺度空间与管道滤波的红外目标检测

为了准确地从复杂干扰背景下检测出真实弱小目标，本文引入视觉显著性，设计了基于快速光谱尺度空间与动态管道滤波的红外目标检测算法。基于真实目标与背景内容之间的整体差异，引入快速光谱尺度空间与阈值分割技术，设计视觉显著性机制，对红外图像完成处理，输出全局显著性映射，以高效过滤干扰背景内容。考虑目标与背景的局部特征差异，构建自适应局部对比度增强机制，对粗检测结果实施处理，获取对应的局部显著性映射，改善视觉显著性区域内目标的对比度。引入高斯差分理论，通过估算每一帧红外图像中的目标像素直径，形成动态管道滤波，充分消除虚警，准确识别出弱小目标。多组实验数据显示：较已有的红外目标检测技术而言，在各种不同的复杂背景干扰下，所提算法呈现出更好的检测能力，拥有更理想的接收机工作特性ROC曲线。     

功能追随空间：多尺度层级网络塑造的城市中心

城市商业功能的分布与道路空间结构息息相关。本文以北京内城为例,应用空间句法模型在城市和街区两个尺度上分析了商业功能的聚集和演变规律。其中在城市尺度基于80年跨度中四个时间节点的商业分布数据分析了10个商业中心,在街区尺度上基于2005和2015年的实地调研的商铺数量,分析了前门、东四和西四三个中心区内的各街道段上的商业分布受城市和局域层级网络影响的程度。结论验证了空间句法参数能够有效地在街道精度上分析商铺数量,但各案例街区受两种网络影响程度差异较大。     

回转式空气预热器流场仿真分析

为分析某电厂1000 MW锅炉机组的双密封回转式空气预热器漏风问题,建立局部流体仿真模型。通过理论计算和仿真模拟相结合的方法分析了密封间隙对回转式空气预热器内部流场压力分布、密封压差及漏风率的影响,并针对“三密封”特殊时刻下的流场压力及漏风率变化做了研究。结果表明,密封间隙从2 mm到8 mm的变化过程中,密封片受到的最大压差小于7000 Pa;为使空预器漏风率小于5%,其漏风间隙需要控制在3 mm以内;“三密封”时刻下的漏风率达到了最小值,为3.98%。经过分析总结,为密封片的载荷计算及密封片的改进提供一定的参考。     

原子及近原子尺度制造——制造技术发展趋势

探讨了制造技术发展趋势，论述了制造历史发展的三个阶段，指出原子及近原子尺度制造（ACSM）是下一代制造技术的主流发展趋势，对未来科技发展和高端元件制造具有重要意义。详细分析阐述了ACSM的主要研究内容及关键科学问题，并提出了相应的建议和措施。     

钢板表面花斑缺陷的分析与控制

针对山东钢铁集团莱芜分公司生产的中厚板表面存在的"花斑"缺陷,分析了其成因,通过优化加热工艺、控制加热炉内氧化气氛、降低钢中Si含量、规范除鳞使用等一系列措施,有效提升了钢板的表面质量,存在"花斑"问题钢板的比例由攻关前17%降低为3%。     

Porous ceramics with tailored pore size and morphology as substrates for coral larval settlement

The growing demand for stony corals as ornamental aquarium animals requires defined aquacultural breeding strategies. For the sexual propagation of corals, material substrates are needed, that attract larvae and support their settlement and development. In this study, five types of highly porous ceramic materials were developed following the example of coral skeleton. The applicability of these settlement substrates was tested using larvae of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis. Partial sintering of pressed clay pellets, freeze casting of clay and alumina-mullite based slurries and direct foaming of high alkane phase emulsified suspensions (HAPES) using alumina were employed. By the addition of mm-sized spherical polystyrene beads as sacrificial templates during freeze casting (alumina-mullite), superficial pores in the size of the larvae were created. The inorganic substrates featured open porosities between 35% (pressed clay) and 83% (foamed alumina), pore sizes ranging from nm to mm-scale and pore morphologies dominated by interparticle porosity (pressed), lamellar pores (freeze casting) and cellular pore types (direct foaming). The ceramic substrates were incubated in artificial sea water for 3 months to induce necessary biofilm formation and algae growth. Afterwards, individual substrates were exposed to 5 coral larvae, and their settlement behavior was monitored over 14 days. At the end of this period, all ceramic materials were successfully accepted as settlement substrates, with a mean settlement rate of 46.2%, and no significant differences between the substrate types. On samples with large surface superficial pores, a significantly reduced survival of settled larvae (79%) compared to the other porous materials (93–98%) was determined, suggesting a non-ideal surface topography. While alumina foam samples (HAPES) exhibit the most promising results in terms of settlement and survival of larvae, clay-based substrates provide a more economic solution for the sexual propagation of corals in aquaculture.     

电子束诱导沉积钴微米线及其铁磁性

通过电子束诱导沉积的方法制备了钴(Co)微米线,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力/磁力显微镜(AFM/MFM)以及物性测量系统(PPMS)等手段对Co微米线的沉积尺寸、微结构、铁磁性和电学性质进行了测试和分析。研究结果表明:Co微米线轮廓清晰、均匀性好。在不同的沉积条件下,微米线的实际长度与设定长度基本一致;实际宽度数据呈类梯形分布,半高宽是设定值的2~10倍;实际厚度低于设定厚度的60%。沉积电流对Co微米线的铁磁特性有重要影响。当沉积电流大于0.5 nA时,样品呈现出良好的铁磁特性。另外,电学性能测试结果显示Co微米线呈现绝缘特性。成功制备了室温铁磁绝缘Co微米线,这将有助于深入开展微纳尺度的结构与器件的研究和应用。     

Gender difference in color preference across cultures: An archetypal pattern modulated by a female cultural stereotype

A gender difference in color preference among British participants has been repeatedly reported, in which both males and females show a preference for blue‐green colors, while females express an additional preference for pink‐purple colors. To investigate the robustness of gender difference in color preference in a different culture, we tested 81 young adult Indians from a school of design and compared them to 80 young British students in Psychology. The 35‐item International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) questionnaires were also administered to explore possible links between personality traits, gender schemata, and color preferences. Results confirmed a gender difference in both cultures; participants collectively expressed a preference for cool over warm colors, while in addition females showed a preference for pink colors, with a warm bias for Indian females and a cool bias for British females. While these results extend gender difference to Indian culture and support the universality of an underlying pattern they also reveal a culture‐specific contribution essentially observed in females. In British participants, color preference was correlated exclusively with BSRI scores in females and overwhelmingly with IPIP scores in males; this gender‐specific pattern of correlation was not replicated in the Indian sample. Results point to an archetypal pattern of gender difference in color preference with a remarkable cross‐cultural similarity in men and a subtle but significant cultural difference in women whose origin is yet to be explained.     

滚珠丝杠螺母副热态特性建模方法

以某外循环滚珠丝杠螺母副为研究对象，对其热态特性及其建模方法进行研究。在分析滚珠丝杠进给系统的热源和边界条件的基础上，建立了丝杠稳态温度分布的数学模型，并通过软件编程求解得到丝杠温度场和滚道的存在对丝杠稳态温度的影响；建立了考虑滚道影响的滚珠丝杠进给系统有限元分析模型，获得了滚珠丝杠进给系统稳态和瞬态热特性分析结果；最后通过滚珠丝杠螺母副热特性试验，获得了滚珠丝杠进给系统关键点的温度及其变化情况。研究结果表明：所建立的滚珠丝杠螺母副热特性分析数学模型可以较准确地获得滚珠丝杠的温度场，忽略滚道会使滚珠丝杠螺母副的温度场仿真结果产生15%～20%的误差。     

特殊螺纹接头双主密封结构密封性能分析

针对油气井日益苛刻的环境,基于特殊螺纹密封机制,提出一种由锥面对锥面和柱面对球面组合的双主密封螺纹接头结构。采用有限元法对比分析双主密封、锥面对锥面密封、柱面对球面密封3种主密封结构在上扣、拉伸、压缩、拉伸和内压、拉伸和内外压5种工况下,密封面接触应力、接触长度的变化情况,得到3种主密封结构的密封能力随载荷的变化规律。分析结果表明,与单主密封接头相比,该双主密封接头在不同载荷下锥面和柱面上的接触应力分布更均匀,接触长度更长且接触应力峰值更小。全尺寸试验结果表明,该双主密封接头的密封性能达到了使用要求。